Introduction

The term 'dominant species' often brings to mind humans, but the reality is more complex. While humans indeed have an impressive presence, other species stand out in specific contexts, particularly when considering factors such as biomass, intelligence, and adaptability. This article delves into the question of the second most dominant species on Earth, focusing on ants, marine invertebrates, and Argentine ants, and discusses the nuances of dominance in the natural world.

Ants: The Most Numerous Species

Ants are considered one of the most dominant species on Earth, especially in terms of biomass. With species like Formica and Lasius niger being particularly widespread, the total biomass of ants rivals that of humans. Ants form 15-20% of the terrestrial animal biomass, a figure that cannot be ignored.

The Black garden ant (Lasius niger) is likely the most numerous ant species, with vast colonies forming expansive networks across the world. Ants have also demonstrated remarkable adaptability and resilience, surviving and thriving through massive geological and biological changes. For example, while dinosaurs roamed the Earth, ants were thriving; they will continue to do so well after our species has likely faded away.

Intelligence and Cognitive Complexity

When considering intelligence and cognitive complexity, humans might not be the only contenders for the title of dominant species. Some species, particularly cetaceans, are known for their high levels of intelligence, often described as rivaling that of humans. Other highly intelligent species include elephants, great apes, corvids, and parrots. However, in terms of sheer numbers and biomass, ants clearly hold the top spot.

Marine Invertebrates: A Hidden Dominance

Beyond terrestrial and freshwater environments, marine invertebrates, particularly small ones like krill, might be more widespread and dominant than previously thought. While krill are easily overlooked, their vast numbers contribute significantly to the global ecosystem. Krill serve as a critical food source for many marine species and play a crucial role in the ocean's food web.

Argentine Ants: The Global Supercolony

The Argentine ant (Iridomyrmex humilis) is a remarkable example of a species that has achieved unparalleled dominance in terms of its organizational structure. This invasive species has formed one of the largest connected colonies on the planet, spanning six different continents. Its success is evidenced by the ability of these ants to create interconnected networks that rival the largest urban sprawls. This supercolony demonstrates not only their adaptability but also their resilience in the face of diverse environmental challenges.

Broader Perspectives on Dominance

While ants are highly dominant in terms of biomass and adaptability, other species hold their own in unique ways. Fungi, viruses, and bacteria are immensely prolific and widespread, playing crucial roles in the ecosystem that are often overlooked. Similarly, trees are another dominant entity, with their global importance in providing oxygen, habitat, and other ecological services.

The Garden of Eden Perspective

Ultimately, the concept of dominance is subjective and can vary depending on the criteria used. From a biological and ecological standpoint, ants and marine invertebrates like krill might be considered more dominant. However, from a sociocultural and anthropocentric perspective, humans are the most obvious and disruptive influence on the planet.

So, while we might not be the most dominant species, we are undoubtedly the most destructive and the only species capable of pursuing an evolutionary dead end in the form of technology. Our dominance is marked not by success in natural competition but by our impact on the planet.

Our narrative of dominance should be reconsidered to include a broader range of life forms and the complex dynamics of nature. Only by understanding these dynamics can we hope to find a sustainable coexistence with the diverse array of life on Earth.