The Illiberal Democracy Paradox: Hungary and Poland in Context

Is it possible for a country to still be considered a democracy if it significantly deviates from liberal principles? This article explores the challenges and implications of illiberal democracies, using Hungary and Poland as case studies. While these nations are technically democracies, their current practices raise serious concerns about the rule of law and democratic governance.

Understanding Illiberal Democracies

Democracies are often defined by the fair and free election of leaders, even if those leaders have non-liberal tendencies in terms of law enforcement and certain freedoms. However, just as not all countries with a rule of law can be considered democracies (e.g., Monaco), not all democracies must be liberal. The key issue here is whether these democracies remain committed to core democratic principles.

The Case of Hungary

Hungary stands as a prominent example of an illiberal democracy. Despite holding free elections, the current government under Viktor Orban has taken significant steps to undermine democratic institutions and the rule of law. One major area of concern is the control of the press. The government has centralized media to be more friendly to their interests, while still allowing a degree of critical voices to exist. This manipulation extends to the distribution of EU and national funds, which are often siphoned off for the benefit of specific business groups and government supporters.

Orban’s government is accused of engaging in widespread corruption, with funds from the European Union and Hungarian treasury used to enrich loyalists and punish opponents. This has been reported at all levels of government, from national to regional, and even within institutions like healthcare and education. For instance, healthcare funding and school grants are often given to institutions that support the current government, while those that do not receive less or no funds. This systematic corruption is a clear sign of the erosion of democratic principles in Hungary.

The Economic Success and Its Impact

While the success of these regimes might seem positive in terms of economic performance and handling crises like the coronavirus, it also poses significant risks. Countries that openly oppose liberal policies yet maintain economic and pandemic control successes risk undermining the dominance of more traditional liberal democracies. This hidden form of political power can be dangerous and destabilizing, as it creates distrust in the liberal order.

European Commission's Role

Recent statements from the EU Commission, such as Vera Jurová, highlight the ongoing debates around the handling of these illiberal democracies. Initially, it seemed that the EU was relatively lenient in its approach. However, recent disclosures suggest a shift in stance. Jurová's initial statement that Hungary had not violated any European laws is now being revisited. She now acknowledges the need for Hungary to reflect on its actions, regardless of whether they are legally compliant.

This shifting position reflects the internal debates within the EU about how to handle illiberal democracies. While there is a need for pragmatic solutions to economic and social challenges, there is also a recognition that democratic principles cannot be compromised. The European Union must find a way to balance support for economic success with the fundamental requirements of democratic governance.

In conclusion, the rise of illiberal democracies in countries like Hungary and Poland raises critical questions about the future of democracy in Europe. While these nations continue to hold elections, their actions and policies pose significant challenges to the principles of free and fair governance. As such, the international community must remain vigilant and engage in constructive dialogue to ensure that democracy remains the guiding principle of European politics.