Understanding the Differences Between the Wheeler and Tyler Models of Curriculum Development Using the Scriven Model

The Scriven model of curriculum development, which includes the four components of planning, implementation, evaluation, and review, is a foundational framework for creating effective educational programs. Two notable models built upon this structure are the Wheeler model and the Tyler model. Each model exhibits distinct characteristics in their educational philosophies and approaches, ultimately leading to different outcomes for learners.

Overview of the Scriven Model

The Scriven model is a comprehensive framework that outlines a systematic approach to curriculum development. It consists of four key stages:

1. Planning (Set Objectives)

This stage involves defining clear objectives and goals for the curriculum, which are essential for guiding the entire process.

2. Implementation (Devise the Curriculum)

Once the objectives are set, the next step is to develop the curriculum based on these goals, including the selection of content, teaching methods, and assessment strategies.

3. Evaluation (Assess Effectiveness)

The third stage focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of the curriculum through various assessment methods to determine whether the predefined objectives have been met.

4. Review (Reassess and Revise)

The final stage involves revising the curriculum based on the evaluation results, ensuring continuous improvement and adaptation to new educational needs.

The Tyler Model

The Tyler model, developed by Ralph Tyler, is a more traditional approach to curriculum development. Its primary focus is on defining clear learning objectives, selecting content, choosing appropriate teaching methods, and developing assessment criteria to achieve specific learning outcomes. This model is highly structured and results-oriented, with a clear emphasis on the efficiency and effectiveness of the educational process.

Key Characteristics of the Tyler Model

1. Objectives-based: The Tyler model emphasizes the importance of setting specific, measurable learning objectives. These objectives serve as the guiding principles for curriculum development and help ensure that the curriculum is aligned with educational goals.

2. Content Selection: In line with its objectives-based approach, the Tyler model focuses on carefully selecting content that directly contributes to achieving the set objectives. This ensures that the curriculum is both relevant and comprehensive.

3. Teaching Methods: The model also considers the appropriate teaching methods that can effectively deliver the selected content. This includes considerations such as lecturing, group discussions, practical activities, etc.

4. Assessment Criteria: The Tyler model places significant emphasis on the development of assessment criteria. These criteria are designed to evaluate whether the set objectives have been met, thus providing a means to measure the success of the curriculum.

The Wheeler Model

In contrast to the Tyler model, the Wheeler model, developed by John Wheeler, takes a more holistic and learner-centered approach. It considers the broader social and cultural context of education and focuses on students' needs, experiences, and the overall educational environment.

Key Characteristics of the Wheeler Model

1. Holistic Approach: The Wheeler model seeks to create a more integrated and rounded educational experience. It recognizes that learning occurs in a context that is broader than just the content and methods used in the classroom.

2. Student-centered: The model places a strong emphasis on understanding and catering to the individual needs and experiences of students. This involves considering factors such as students' backgrounds, learning styles, and personal interests.

3. Cultural and Social Context: The Wheeler model also takes into account the broader cultural and social context of education. It recognizes that educational practices are influenced by and have an impact on the broader society, and thus, the curriculum should reflect these dynamics.

Comparing the Models

While both the Tyler and Wheeler models use the Scriven model as a foundational framework, they differ significantly in their philosophical underpinnings and approaches:

1. Educational Philosophy

The Tyler model is driven by an objective and result-oriented philosophy that prioritizes the efficiency and effectiveness of the educational process. On the other hand, the Wheeler model is grounded in a more holistic and humanistic philosophy that seeks to create a more personalized and contextually relevant learning experience.

2. Implementation Strategies

The Tyler model focuses heavily on structured implementation, with a clear emphasis on predefined objectives, content selection, and teaching methods. In contrast, the Wheeler model encourages a more flexible and adaptive approach, emphasizing the continuous consideration of student needs and the broader social context.

3. Evaluation Processes

Both models utilize evaluation processes to assess the effectiveness of the curriculum. However, the Tyler model tends to use more standardized and quantitative measures, whereas the Wheeler model may employ a more diverse range of qualitative and context-sensitive evaluation methods.

Conclusion

The Wheeler and Tyler models represent different approaches to curriculum development, each with its unique strengths and applications. Understanding the differences between these models can help educators and policymakers choose the most appropriate model or a hybrid approach that best meets the needs of their learners and educational environment.

In summary, the Tyler model is ideal for contexts where clear and measurable objectives are essential, and the Wheeler model is more suitable for environments that prioritize personalized, context-sensitive, and holistic educational experiences. Both models, when used effectively, can contribute to the development of robust and effective educational programs.