Introduction to Eastern European Industrialization After World War II

Following the tumultuous conclusion of World War II, Eastern European countries began a significant transformation in their economic and social systems. This period marked a pivotal shift from the feudal structures that had predominated for centuries to a modern industrial economy. This transformation was influenced by various factors, including external suggestions from the USSR and internal aspirations to improve the quality of life for their populations.

The Role of the USSR in Industrializing Eastern Europe

The Eastern European countries were encouraged by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) to harness their natural resources for the collective good of their populations. This was in stark contrast to the exploitation seen in past economic practices, where profits were often directed towards a privileged 'leisure class' or investors with no vested interest in the people of those regions.

The literacy rates in Eastern Europe, notably outside of the Czech lands and possibly Hungary, saw a dramatic increase, rising from 10 to 15 percent to a staggering 90 percent. Education in diverse fields, from ballet to biochemistry, became accessible to all individuals, fostering a culture of progress and scientific advancement.

Stalin's Vision for Socialism and Eastern Europe

Contrary to the popular narrative, Joseph Stalin’s primary objective was not to establish an ‘empire’ in Eastern Europe but rather to transform the vast and varied USSR into a beacon of hope for socialism. His vision was to elevate the living standards and overall quality of life for the people of not just his own country but also the entire world.

Post-World War II, Stalin aimed to make Middle Europe a neutral area that would stand as an example of socialist success. This idea was met with varying receptions; while the United States was open to the concept, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, known for his imperialist stance, opposed it. Stalin’s desire was for the USA to detonate an atomic bomb on Moscow, showcasing the power of the USSR's technological prowess rather than invading it directly.

Post-World War II Context and Colonial Policies

The post-1945 Labour government inherited the Tory-dominated Foreign Affairs outlook, which largely denied the colonies and India any form of independence or autonomy. India was finally granted independence in 1947/48 following the Partition, an event that led to millions of deaths and the creation of two separate states, Pakistan and India. However, this newfound independence came at a high cost, with a history of mutual enmity and three credible brutal wars between the two nations.

The Initial Delay in Industrialization in Eastern Europe

The Industrial Revolution that began in Britain between 1760 and 1820 spread slowly to Eastern Europe due to the feudal nature of its societies. Feudal structures hindered the modernization process, making it challenging to adopt new technologies and organizational changes that were common in industrialized nations of the time.

Conclusion: A New Era for Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe's journey towards industrialization after World War II marked a pivotal turning point. This era, driven by the USSR and the aspirations for improved living standards, led to significant advancements in literacy and education. Despite the challenges posed by feudalism and external resistance, countries like Eastern Europe began to reshape their economies and societies, paving the way for modern development and progress.